The War On Terror Terrorism - 2256 Words

Charles Reece Johnson Irons Discourse 200 November 5, 2014 The War on Terror Introduction The war on terror is not easy to define partly due to its vagueness and unsparing use of rhetorical device to justify any action of military perpetrated after the 9/11. However, the The war on terror, in its original intent, is a series of initiatives that seek to reduce or eliminate terrorism in the world. In this perspective, terrorism is the deliberate exploitation and creation of fear through threat and violence (Kugiel 16-17). This essay seeks to present an argument that the war on terror was not worth it. In order to justify whether the war on terror is worth it or not, it is vital to understand if the war on terror compels or deters terrorism. Deterrence refers to the threat of force perpetrated to prevent an adversary from engaging in any specific course of action. To compel in the same context refers to the threat of force perpetrated to motivate an adversary to undo an already done or to begin a specific course of action. Terrorism in its nature disrupts international security and peace via premeditated political violence. The terror act on the 11th of September on the Center of World Trade and the Pentagon greatly disrupted the global economy. The attacks facilitated and spawned widespread personal panic, fear, and economic dislocation. According to the UN Security Council, one of the terrorists’ objectives was to create a state of global anarchy by means of influencingShow MoreRelatedWar On Terror And Terrorism1300 Words   |  6 PagesWar on Terror After the incident of September 11, 2001, War on Terror became a serious problem. That attack made huge effects on U.S government and many other countries. Many innocent people lost their lives because of those terrorists. No one knows if an incident like the one on September 11 will happen again, but we have to know that â€Å"we are the primary target†. According to Patrick Coaty’s â€Å"War on Terror,† the terrorism has been developed throughout history. So that people should know to fightRead MoreThe War On Terror And Terrorism1762 Words   |  8 Pages11, 2001, the Bush administration declared a worldwide war on terror,† consisting of open and covert military operations and security legislations in an effort to block the financing of terrorism. The U.S. called for states across world to join their fight against terrorism (Globalpolicy.org, 2015). This essay will be arguing if the U.S. was justified in their advances or if they have used the attacks a gainst them in order to launch a war against those it suspected, using the attacks as a justificationRead MoreThe War On Terror Of Terrorism1384 Words   |  6 Pagesby men from the terrorist group, al-Qaeda, and were used as weapons of an act of terrorism. In the span of about three hours, the four planes that’ve been hijacked crashed into New York City’s World Trade Center, the Pentagon just outside of Washington DC, and onto a field in Pennsylvania. On this date, approximately three thousand americans were killed that morning. In effect, it has caused a â€Å"Global War on Terror†. Under Bush’s Administration, our Department of Homeland Security has strengthenedRead MoreUnderstanding The War On Terror1522 Words   |  7 Pages Understanding the War on Terror Youngsuk Lee PSCI A180 Professor Patrick C. Coaty 14 May, 2015 â€Æ' Many victims have been harmed from the terrorism for a long time. It is impossible for victims who are effected by the terrorism to live safely. Cruel terrorist group even attack female and children. The incidence of terrorism is increasing in the world. It is big problem in the world because countries worry about their citizen from the terrorism. The United States and other countriesRead MoreEssay on The War on Terror1493 Words   |  6 PagesWar on terror refers to the ongoing military campaign led by U.S and U.K against organizations identified as terrorists. Terrorism can be defined as an unlawful violence or war deliberately targeted to civilians. It can also be defined as a systematic use of terror to coerce or violent acts intended to create fear. This threat is normally perpetrated for religious, political or ideological goals. The conflict as also called by other names. They include World War III, The Long War, War on TerrorismRead MoreTerrorism Has Been Used For Centuries As A Weapon Of Change1074 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism has been used for centuries as a weapon of change. Terrorism used to force change even altered the English language, the creation of the word assassin because of the Hashhashin’s in the 11th century and the Roman’s use of decimation changing the meaning from killing one in ten to massacring all involved. Much of early terrorism was based on nationalist or ethnic groups, which had exhausted all other options while reaching for political freedom and therefore resorted to violence. The mostRead MoreHandling The War On Terror1037 Words   |  5 PagesHandling the War on Terror The Global War on Terror, or War on Terror, with the United States at the helm, is the second most expensive war in American history, having surpassed $2 trillion. At the same time, little has been accomplished for domestic security or the destruction of terror groups. The United States needs a clear, focused strategy to suppress terrorist groups, while at the same time eliminating the causes for terrorism. I propose a gradual drawdown and closing of US bases and garrisonsRead MoreWorldview On Terrorism : Terrorism1654 Words   |  7 Pagesworldview on terrorism. Unlike earlier before when terror groups were confined in their countries or particular region, the new form of terror signposted that they could perpetrate terror to the entire world. Evidently, from the recent past attack it’s apparent that their most suitable target is unarmed civilians. They also target the highest number of casualties possible so as to inflict fear and intimidations and consequently pass their propaganda. Modern terrorism can be analyzed focusing on issuesRead MoreMajor Problems That Contribute to the Dilemma of War Facing the World1410 Words   |  6 Pagesand when presented, often fall dramatically short of any practical value. It may be wise to find a new approaches to managing war and terrorism due to a seemingly non-progressive status on its current understanding. The purpose of this essay is to present a solutions based argument that is designed to address the solutions to violence and seek and ending to war and terrorism in a productive and effective manner. The essay will present a simple three stepped plan the will address the major problemsRead More Why Terrorism Should Be a Global Concern Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesThe war on terror is at the peak and there are vivid indications that every stone will be turned to halt it. A central assumption is that terrorism is a religious war, apparently between Christians and the Muslims. This is just a moral claim that terrorists are using to attract more people over to their side, as well as create solidarity among the Muslims. As a result, the imagery and the reality of terrorism differ overwhelmingly. There are various terror occurrences around the globe that are similar

Process Of Learning A Topic Software - 1556 Words

Introduction: Software processes are the main software engineering topics that are difficult to be learned by regular lectures and in-class assignments. In this paper the author Jà ¶ran Pieper from University of Applied Science, Stralsund, Germany is trying to solve the problem of difficulty in learning the topic software process in software engineering. According the author the process of learning a topic (Software Process) is currently done by same procedures everywhere like lectures, class assignments, home assignments, class projects etc. Class projects are nothing but the complement of lectures and there implementation and thus the projects also don’t help in understanding the topic properly. According to the author reenactment and advanced game-based learning are considered to can possibly augment the learning encounters past addresses and class undertakings, help to form knowledge into the need of programming methodologies and to broaden the point of view of programming designing un derstudies in a virtual and productive way. The topics which we have studied on class and which can be used and related in this paper are Quality, Requirement, Agile Process, Processes and Design. The game that is to be designed for teaching purposes should have a certain quality, and then only we can use that game for teaching purpose. While designing the game the first step is to know about the requirement of the game and the requirement help the programmer to design the game based on theShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Computer in Education1018 Words   |  5 Pagessearching for information in fat books. The process of learning has gone beyond learning from prescribed textbooks. Internet is a much larger and easier-to-access storehouse of information. When it comes to storing retrieved information, it is easier done on computers than maintaining hand-written notes. Computers are a brilliant aid in teaching. Online education has revolutionized the education industry. Computer technology has made the dream of distance learning, a reality. Education is no longerRead MoreThe Importance of Computer in Education1011 Words   |  5 Pagessearching for information in fat books. The process of learning has gone beyond learning from prescribed textbooks. Internet is a much larger and easier-to-access storehouse of information. When it comes to storing retrieved information, it is easier done on computers than maintaining hand-written notes. Computers are a brilliant aid in teaching. Online education has revolutionized the education industry. Computer technology has made the dream of distance learning, a reality. Education is no longer limitedRead MoreConstructivism and Connectivism as Theories of Learning Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology is an umbrella term that includes many types of technologies such as computer softwares,the internet, I pads , iPods, and mobiles. By using the internet , learners are exposed to an amazing world. This world contains new branches of technology such as social networks including Twitter ,and Facebook, ,Wikis ,Blogs, and Rss.We have knowledge explosion. By using technology in learning ,learning processes have improved. Learners interact with technology rather than a teacher or a textRead MoreChallenges And Strategies And Benefits Of New Technology1059 Words   |  5 PagesTraining and Support You need proper software training before you and your employees can be highly proficient and successful using new technology. And when I speak of training, Im referring to education that is specifically tailored to your companys requirements, to maximize the benefits of your organizations investment. Approaching it this way provides the basis for confidence, growth and efficiency. New business technologies are being created all the time, with exciting new developments whichRead MoreQuestions On Knowledge Management And Software Engineering Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesREVIEW OF â€Å"KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING† CHIKE CYRIL AMAEFULE Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD4222, Australia This paper presents a review of an advanced topic in engineering management. It should consist of one paragraph giving a concise summary of the material in the article below. Replace the title, authors, and addresses with your own title, authors, and addresses. You may have as many authors and addresses as you like. It is preferable notRead MoreTechnology Is The Most Useful Source Of Information For Gathering Any Type Of Materials1067 Words   |  5 Pages Technology is the most useful source of information for gathering any type of materials you may need. Using the online web allows you to find a variety of facts and information on any kind of topic you may need to know about. Technology allows people to access information faster than searching for it throughout a book. Almost everyone has access to technology at their own finger tips. The most useful information for gathering sources in the present day is technology. For example, people have accessRead MoreImplementing Technology into the Classrom1618 Words   |  7 Pagestasks (rather than as a subject of study for its own sake) that engage students in extended and cooperative learning experiences that involve multiple disciplines† (Griffin and Holland, 2008). Technology is a good tool to use when accommodating different learning styles. Therefore technology can become a motivator for students to keep them interested in the lesson. Collaborative-team-learning settings aide student with retain formation by implementing technology. Many of the urban school targets highRead MoreA Challenging And Rewarding Opportunity At Telecommunications / Customer Services1301 Words   |  6 Pages0416915511 Email: bastolasameer@gmail.com Objective Seeking a challenging and rewarding opportunity in Telecommunications/ Customer Services /IT Sectors/ Software and Hardware programming/ Management which is inline with my experience academic background and which effectively utilizes my excellent analytical and technical skills. Career Profile Read MoreSoftware Development : Software Projects1001 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract— agile software development plays a very significant role in software projects. Agile software project is a refined approach to design and direct project processes. An agile project is finished in short sections called iterations. This paper introduces a survey of machine learning approaches for predicting failure of agile software projects. It reviews the uses of machine learning techniques such as fuzzy logic, multiple linear regression, neural network, logistic regression and etc., forRead MoreImportant Type Of Art Is Writing Code For The Software1001 Words   |  5 PagesSummary: RR LOKA: Basically, there are some activities present in the software development. The most important type of art is writing code for the software. In the market, there are different language available to write the code and these language depends on the platform what we work for. The code contains set of instructions which are used by the hardware to perform a task. Once the code is completed maintenance of a software is the next step which includes checking out the set of instructions which

Really Trying to Mean Free Essays

It is no accident that the best writers tend to be amongst the most voracious and most thoughtful of readers. To be called into meaningful existence a text cannot stand by itself; that is, it cannot live outside of culture. When we say that a particular text means something, we are incorporating our own ideas as readers into what we think the author meant, ultimately producing another version of what the text really means. We will write a custom essay sample on Really Trying to Mean or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is a significant delineation that brings forth the notion of reading, writing, and interpretation in the realm of discourse. Worlds collide in the act of interiorizing alphabetic literacy. Truth and meaning become contingent upon the heterogeneity of thought that is necessary to determine how a text relates to the reality of the reader. In Ong’s words, â€Å"The text has no meaning until someone reads it, and to make sense it must be interpreted, which is to say related to the reader’s world. † Following this lead we can say that we create meaning but we are not the original creator because the reading from which we base our conceptions has been in existence since before Socrates himself. To build from this past, Jaspers locates the reality and the implications of historical thought when he writes, â€Å"It is impossible not to form an image of the historic Socrates. What is more, some image of Socrates is indispensable to our philosophical thinking. † We have an indispensable point of reference to discourse in the image of Socrates in our reading of Socrates so that ‘today no philosophical thought is possible unless Socrates is present, if only as a pale shadow. † The import of this type of reading, a reading with a historical point of reference to the current reality, is in the veins of Western thought going back to Socrates while at the making Socrates present in today’s dialogue, if only as a pale shadow. Jaspers and Ong are alluding to the notion of a certain kind of synthesis, as Taylor will help to flesh out. Taylor questions what this all ultimately means to philosophy and to our lives, â€Å"What is the real significance of Socrates in the history of [Western] thought? [Simply put, he] created the intellectual and moral tradition by which [Western civilization] has ever since lived. The role of Socrates is, as Ong and Jaspers also believe, is a never ending presence in the paradigm of Western civilization. Socrates is therefore still very much alive in philosophy today. His image alone represents the ongoing debates taking place at conferences, in mid-terms, and in the public dialogue. The reality of his death defies the fact t hat he maintains a presence today. Speaking of letters and reading between the lines of history will allow us to create another reality than the one of alarm clocks, lunch breaks, and taxes – a debate that resonates all the way back to before Socrates drank the hemlock. How to cite Really Trying to Mean, Papers

Insight into Tricare Essay Sample free essay sample

Depending upon their position. active responsibility members. retired members. members of the Guard/Reserves. household members. and certain veterans receive free or authorities subsidised medical and dental attention. How this system came approximately is really clear and simple. History Military medical attention for active responsibility members of uniformed service and their households day of the month back to the 1700’s. In 1884 Congress directed that â€Å"medical officers of the Army and contract sawboness shall whenever possible go to the households of the officers and soldiers free of charge. † Powers ( 2008 ) . Following were great paces made to supply pregnancy attention. baby attention. psychiatric attention. and attention for lasting household members of a asleep patron. By the 80’s there was two ways for military forces. retired persons. and household member to have wellness attention. Tricare/CHAMPUS was now in full consequence. Service members received intervention at the medical installations and retired persons and household members were seen on a infinite available position. We will write a custom essay sample on Insight into Tricare Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Family members and retired persons besides had the option of utilizing Civilian Health and Medical Program Uniformed Services ( CHAMPS ) . which provides authorities subsidized attention from civilian suppliers. Merchandises Tricare offers many wellness options although it depends on who you are and where you live. TRICARE Prime provides comprehensive wellness coverage with no one-year fee. This program includes Emergency Care. Outpatient Visits. Preventive Care ( wellness test. immunisations. etc. ) . Hospitalization. Maternity Care. Mental/Behavioral wellness. Prescriptions. It is similar to an HMO program in which donees must pick a primary physician and receive referrals for forte attention. Tricare Standard: once known as CHAMPUS. Is a authorities subsidised plan. The donee may take any civilian doctor including forte attention. The donee is responsible for payment of one-year deductible and any disbursals that are non covered. Dental is contracted and administrates with MetLife and Delta Dental. Pharmacy is contracted and provides free prescription on an available list. Besides provide mail order pharmaceutics ( TMOP ) . Other auxiliary plans are offered for specific wellness demand such as Women. Infant. and Children ( WIC ) . Continued Healthcare Benefit plan ( CHCBP ) Cancer clinical tests. Enrollees Tricare is functioning more than 9. 7 million active responsibility. National Guard. retired persons. their households. subsisters. and some former partner worldwide. Tricare ( 2011 ) In order to be covered by this insurance you most run into these guidelines. Be a Active responsibility service members and their households. Retired service members and their households. Activated National Guard/Reserve members and their households. Non-activated National Guard/Reserve members and their households who qualify for attention under the Transitional Assistance Management Program. Retired National Guard/Reserve members ( age 60 and having retired wage ) and their households. Survivors. Medal of Honor receivers and their households. and Qualified former partners. The service members are automatically enrolled nevertheless household member and others must be enrolled by the service member. Organization Organization of Military Health System TMA/HA Organizational Chart Financials The maximal sum you’ll have to pay each financial twelvemonth ( October 1 – September 30 ) is called the ruinous cap. This cap applies to one-year deductibles. pharmaceutics copayments. TRICARE Prime registration fees and all other copayments or cost portions you pay for TRICARE-covered services. The cap varies depending on who you are. Tricare ( 2012 ) Mentions Black. J. ( 2008 ) . Tricare 101: The Basics. The Trey Research Monthly. 53. 149-150. Medical Briefing – Commission Site Visit to the TRICARE Management Activity. UNT Digital Library. hypertext transfer protocol: //digital. library. unt. edu/ark: /67531/metadc19211/ . Accessed January 19. 2013. Tricare. ( 2012 ) . Who We Are and Our History. World Wide Web. tricare. mil Accessed January 18. 2013.

Punishment in America Essay Example

Punishment in America Paper The corrections system in the United States is known for having the highest incarceration rate than any other country and some people believe our punishments are either too harsh or too lenient. In my opinion I believe it depends on the type of crime correlating with the punishment. Not necessarily all of our punishments for crimes are too lenient or too harsh, I would say it relies on the type of crime committed and even specifically the technicalities of the crime. There will always be room for improvement for our sentencing and punishments for crimes, but our penal ode and our laws are written quite well, its all about how you depict the law and what a Judge decides on as far as the punishment goes. Of course there are many factors that go along with sentencing and punishment, but as a whole, with everything considered, punishment in America seems fair for the most part. Three main crimes related to these punishments are white collar crimes, drug crimes along with more serious crimes that result in the death penalty. Many people in America and some states look at white collar crimes as if they are not nearly as important as violent crimes. Although white collar crimes usually havent effected anyone physically, they still have the capability of damaging businesses along with peoples lives, whether it be financially or Just their life as a whole. White collar crime is a sticky subject because there are even cases that I believe were treated too leniently or some that I thought had a fair punishment correlating with the crime. We will write a custom essay sample on Punishment in America specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Punishment in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Punishment in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One great example of a white collar crime that I believe had a lenient punishment is the case of Chalana McFarland. McFarland was a real estate attorney who was accused of committing acts of fraud, identity theft, mortgage cams, money laundering and other equally devastating crimes. McFarland left lenders with $20 million in defaulted loans by using inflated property values and real estate flipping deals. She was sentenced to 30 years in prison and ordered to pay $12 million in restitution for her crimes. (Amanda Haury, Sentences For White-Collar Criminals, Investopedia, 5/12/2012). A crime like this one most likely leaves the families involved devastated financially and can tear a family apart. Events like these cannot be fixed simply, even with restitution. I personally would see to it that McFarland receive a heavier punishment for her actions. On the other hand, the case of Thomas Petters is one I feel was treated fairly well and the punishment went along with the crime. Petters was a business mogul who was accused and convicted of money laundering and fraud in a Ponzi scheme that cost investors over $3. billion of their hard-earned money. Petters was sentenced to a 50-year prison term, although the prosecutors recommended a sentence of 335 years. (Amanda Haury, Sentences For White-Collar Criminals, Investopedia, 5/12/2012). If we Petters were to be rosecuted under the full extent of the law he wouldVe faced a life term in prison, which would have been a waste of our tax money along with putting one more person into our already overcrowded correction system . Our next charge related punishment deals vastly with drug charges and how they are being implemented. Statistically incarcerating thousands of nonviolent drug offenders throughout the past few years has cost our states a massive amount of money that could be used elsewhere in the corrections system. (Margaret Dooley- Sammuli, Drug Penalties, California, Drug Policy Alliance, 12/16/2011). For crimes such as having any kind of illegal narcotic on your person, other than marijuana, its automatically a felony offense with the incarceration period of three months. If we dropped the offense from a felony to a misdemeanor, it would save the state a great sum of money and resources. Going along with that instead of incarcerating perpetrators for a minor drug possession charge, we should implement other state programs such as probation. This frees up our correction system along with our judicial system as well. My argument is that the punishment for these minor drug harges are too extensive and harsh. With the proposal of dropping minor drug charges from a felony to a misdemeanor, this would resolve the problem with the punishment related to this crime. The United States remains in the minority of nations in the world that still uses the death penalty for certain crimes. I along with many people in America today still believe that the death penalty is very important in that we use it as a tool in fghting violent pre-meditated murder. One big downside to the death penalty is the possibility that innocent men and women will be put to death. Also financial cost to tax payers of capital punishment is several times that of housing the perpetrator in prison. The punishment relating to this crime is quite fair, although I believe there are many cases in that a person has committed murder but has not received the death penalty for their actions. Of the 22,000 homicides committed every year approximately 1 50 people are sentenced to death (Death Penalty Facts, California, Death Penalty Focus, 3/31/2009). The only real problem I still see relevant to the punishment regarding any crimes that lead to the death penalty, is that there are still nnocent people being put to death and obviously once this is done there is no reversing this action. Generally speaking I would say the death penalty as a punishment is fair and that we are being too lenient in that people who should receive the death penalty are given a life sentence in prison as an alternative. Overall the three main crimes, white collar crimes, drug crimes along with more serious crimes that result in the death penalty all carry punishments that are supposed to correlate with the crime, with the intention of finding grounds between eing too harsh or too lenient. As weve found white collar crimes usually have fair punishments but can be lenient at times Just because they arent violent crimes and although they arent violent crimes they can still have a devastating effect on peoples lives. Drug crimes are deemed to be too harsh as far as punishment goes. If you are charged with a minor drug possession charge, it should simply be a misdemeanor rather than a felony which would equate to harsher punishment and longer sentences. The death penalty is a punishment which isnt implemented enough, but n the other hand if it is implemented it can have negative effects as in executing an innocent person. Death penalty as a whole seems to be too lenient and doesnt have the effect that it should with our communities. In the end the United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world and nas many punishments that are considered to many as, too lenient or too harsh, but none the less I feel punishment in America is fair regarding most crimes. I feel there will always be room for improvement and speculation for how our punishments are implemented, but as a ountry, punishment is implemented correctly and fairly overall. Works Cited http://www. investopedia. com/financial-edge/0512/sentences-for-white-collar criminals-too-harsh-or-too-lenient. aspx (Amanda Haury, Sentences For White-Collar Criminals, Investopedia, 5/12/2012) http:// www. californiaprogressreport. com/site/drug-penalties-too-harsh anyone (Margaret Dooley-Sammuli, Drug Penalties, California, Drug Policy Alliance, 12/16/2011) http://www. deathpenalty. org/section. php? id=13 (Death Penalty Facts, California, Death Penalty Focus, 3/31/2009)

How Is the Term Parameter Used in Java

How Is the Term Parameter Used in Java Parameters are the variables that are listed as part of a method declaration. Each parameter must have a unique name and a defined data type. Parameter Example Within a method to compute a change to a Circle objects position, the method changeCircle accepts three parameters: a name of a Circle object, an integer representing a change to the X-axis of the object and an integer representing a change to the Y axis of the object. public void changeCircle(Circle c1, int chgX, int chgY) { c1.setX(circle.getX() chgX); c1.setY(circle.getY() chgY); } When the method is called using example values (e.g., changeCircle(Circ1, 20, 25)), the program will move the Circ1 object up 20 units and right 25 units. About Parameters A parameter may be of any declared data type either primitives like integers, or reference objects including arrays. If a parameter may become an array of an indeterminant number of data points, create a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹vararg  by following the parameter type with three periods (an ellipsis) and then specifying the parameter name.​

Knowledge Management and information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Knowledge Management and information - Essay Example In fact, as a medium sized organization currently employing 100 individuals, it is even more important that our company manage this knowledge exactly because we lack the market share and resources that large corporations have at their disposal. Therefore, at BioPack we need to be more responsive, more flexible, and make better decisions in order to sustain and grow in our industry. Managing knowledge will be primary in our quest to achieve these goals. So, we need to ask ourselves what exactly constitutes knowledge. We must define this concept before we can start managing this information. According to Neil Fleming in his paper Coping with a Revolution: First, data is meaningless by itself, meaningless without some context that references it within space and time. The pieces of data may indeed represent information, yet we need to understand this data for it to be deemed informative. Moreover, the extent of understanding is based on the amount of associations discernable within the data collected. Thus, information is simply an understanding of the relationships between any collected set of data. And while this information provides us with a basic understanding of relationships between data sets, it fails to provide us with either future predictions or an understanding of why the data appears the way it does. So, this data collection we now deem information fails to provide knowledge. However, when a pattern emerges within this information, knowledge is possible. Patterns, unlike collected data or information, are seldom static but rather self-contextualizing. And when patterns are properly understood, we can predict with reliabili ty how that pattern will change over a period of time. This is the embryonic stage of changing our information into a form of knowledge. When one attains a clear understanding of the underlying principles that make up these patterns that are the basis for knowledge, wisdom, or wise decisions within the workplace become possible. It is important to note that the sequence just mentioned-data-information-knowledge-wisdom does not occur in discrete stages of development. It does not take place locked up in one of our laboratories. It is ongoing, and at any given time we might be better or somewhat worse in our understanding of that data. The quality of our understanding will be key in accomplishing our goal or mission statement: To create a workplace environment that encourages new ideas and new ways of solving problems in order to stimulate innovation and synergism in the creation of new products. To continually delight the customer with our quality, and to be a leader in biotechnology research. Still, all knowledge is not created equal. According to Michael Polanyi, one type of knowledge may be classified as explicit or formal knowledge, or that which can be articulated through language among individuals. The other type is deemed tacit or informal knowledge, and is rooted in individual experience, personal belief, and individual values (The Tacit Dimension 10). As

Business law - Contract problems, FIRAC case, and short summary Assignment

Business law - Contract problems, FIRAC case, and short summary - Assignment Example to be bound by the agreement, statute of fraud covers contracts of sale of goods for a cost of at least $ 500 and requires such contracts to be in writing (Clarkson, et al, p. 234, 303). Hodge entered into a contract to work for Evans on the prime condition that the contract would be permanent. His condition was accepted but he was fired within a year. Hodge has sued for a breach of contract while Evans argues that the oral contract is unenforceable. Watkins and Iams entered into an annually renewable contract in which Watkins was, based on a promise, to be the sole distributer of Iams’ products in Michigan. The renewed contract in 1993 however reserved the company’s right to appoint any other distributor in Michigan. Iams then notified Watkins that its contract would not be renewed and contracted another company. Watkins has since sued for breach of contract, fraud, and promissory ‘estoppel’. A contract that either does not involve land, is enforceable within a year, is not a contract of guarantee, is not a promise that involves â€Å"consideration of marriage† and is not for sale of goods worth at least $ 500 dollars does not necessarily have to be in writing (Clarkson, et al., p. 304). Promissory estoppels also creates liability on promises relied upon in contracts (Clarkson, et al, p. 259). Dyer purchased a car with written provisions that no taxes were included in the price. While the contract restricted the agreement to its written terms, the salesperson assured her that sales tax was already paid. She has realized otherwise and has sued for breach. The parole evidence rule provides that oral agreement that precedes or is made alongside a written contract, in which the parties intended to be fully bound by the written contract, is inadmissible. The rule however has exceptions that include â€Å"contract subsequently modified, voidable or void contracts, contracts containing ambiguous terms, and incomplete contracts† among others (Clarkson, et al,

Is regulation really necessary, or can all the benefits claimed for it Essay

Is regulation really necessary, or can all the benefits claimed for it be achieved through the promotion of competition alone - Essay Example National governments may regulate for a variety of reasons, including re-election and influence from economically powerful houses (Baldwin, Cave, and Lodge, 2012:16). Governments may also technically justify regulations, thus the general assumption that the regulation was in the context of public interest. However, most rationales presented are instances of market failure, thus regulation is initiated, as the uncontrollable market will produce results or behaviors against public interest. Other scenarios may present issues of market absence, or an ineffective market. One of the advancing and developing industries in the global economy is information and communication technology (ICT). The rapid growth of ICT presents concern over regulation and the possibilities of eliminating market failures, thus the rise of such regulatory bodies like the Federal Communication Commission in the US. In summary, regulation is better than competition in safeguarding public interest. Among the theory favoring regulation, include public interest theory, private interest theory, and interest groups theory. According to the public interest theory as argued by Baldwin, Cave, and Lodge, in their 2012 publication, the rationale behind regulation is to benefit and protect the public at large. The theory capitalizes on potential market failures such as monopolistic powers, externalities, asymmetric information, and strategic behaviors. It thus creates the ideology that consumers need protection from market failures and business abuses, with the assumption that regulation serves the best interests of the public through restricting potentially harmful business behaviors (Baldwin, Cave, and Lodge, 2012:164). The interest groups theory suggests that there is need for regulation for the interests of stakeholders, while the private interest theory seeks to safeguard the interest of private inte rest groups in regulation.

Approaches to Motivation at Work

Approaches to Motivation at Work Motivation is a general term used to describe the process of starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities. The word motivation comes from the Latin movere to move. It is also an internal state of being, or an internal condition that activates ones behaviour, giving it direction. Motivation is to encourage people to work, individually or in groups in the ways such as to produce best results. It is the will to act and the willingness to exert high levels of effort towards organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts and ability to satisfy some individual need. The managements important task is to motivate others. It comprises the abilities to communicate, to set an example, to challenge, to encourage, obtaining feedback, to involve, to delegate, to develop and train, to inform, to brief and to provide a just reward. There are mainly two kinds of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is internal it occurs when people are bound to do something out of satisfaction, significance or need. Extrinsic motivation occurs when external factors make the person to do something. A work place is the most common place where we can apply need of motivation. Motivation also plays a key role in leadership success at work place. Motivation propels life it plays a major role in nearly everything we do without motivation we would simply not care about outcomes means, accomplishment, education, success, failure, employment etc. Motivation is our group topic and we have covered many sub topics in motivation like Meaning of motivation, Maslow hierarchy of needs theory, Approaches to motivation and influences of motivation, Alderfers modified need hierarchy model, Equity theory of motivation, Vrooms expectancy theory, Herzbergs motivation -hygiene theory. And as a member of group I have covered the topic Approaches to motivation and influences of motivation. APPROACHES TO MOTIVATION AT WORK AND INFLUENCES OF MOTIVATION There are number of different approaches to work motivation, most of which can be broken into either content theories or process theories. Content theories focus on what motivates people to perform and are concerned with identifying the different rewards that people seek in their work. Process theories focus on how rewards control behaviour. These theories are concerned with the dynamics or process aspects of work motivation. The content theory of motivation mainly focuses on the internal factors that energize and direct human behaviour. Maslows hierarchy of needs, Alderfers ERG theory, Herzbergs motivator-hygiene theory (Herzbergs dual factors theory) and McClellands learned needs or three needs theory are some of the major content theories. The most famous content theory is Abraham Maslows hierarchy of human needs. Maslow introduced five levels of basic needs through his theory. Basic needs are categorized as physiological needs, safety and security needs, needs of love, needs for self esteem and needs for self-actualization. Just like Maslows hierarchy of needs, ERG theory explains existence, relatedness, and growth needs. Through dual factors theory, Herzberg describes certain factors in the workplace which result in job satisfaction. McClellands learned needs or three needs theory uses a projective technique called the Thematic Aptitude Test so as to evaluate people based on three needs; power, achievement and affiliation. People with high need of power take action in a way that influences the others behaviour. Process theory is one more type of motivation theory. Process theories of motivation provide an opportunity to understand though processes that influence behaviour. The major process theories of motivation include Adams equity theory, Vrooms expectancy theory, goal setting theory, and reinforcement theory .Goal setting theory suggests that the individuals are motivated to reach set goals. It also requires that the set goals should be specific. Reinforcement theory is concerned with controlling behaviour my manipulating its consequences. There are four different types of approaches to motivation. Economic needs motivation. Social concept of motivation. Self-actualization needs. Complex man concept of motivation. ECONOMIC NEEDS MOTIVATION According to Taylor man is a rational economic animal with maximising his economic gain. Taylor had a simple view about what motivated people at work is money and no other factor motivate as much as money motivate people. In this approach man form of motivation is high wages. In short, the more money you offer the worker, the more motivated they will be to work. And the weakness in this approach is money is an important motivation at work for many people, it isnt for everyone. Taylor overlooked the fact that people work for many reasons other than financial reward. SOCIAL CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION In this type of motivation approach people are believed to be motivated by human needs and achieve their satisfaction through social groups with whom they interact. Encouraging team building, providing supportive practices, and permitting co-workers the opportunity to interact socially on the job, Also people are motivated by giving day off or special bonuses on religious or family festival. By doing this people are more motivate and encouraged to do his best possible thing for the work assigned to them. Difficult to participate and connect with the group cause elevation of turnover of people resulting into lowering of moral, psychological fatigue, reduced levels of performance, SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS According to Maslow: desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything one is capable of becoming It is about the question of reaching ones full potential as a person unlike lower level needs, this need is never fully satisfied as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Organizations can help employees satisfy self actualization needs by encouraging creativity, allowing risk taking decision making and supporting workers in their efforts to develop their skills. Self actualized individuals are often motivated by a strong sense of personal ethics and responsibility. They enjoy solving real world problems and are often concerned with helping other people improve their own life. Also self actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self actualization. COMPLEX MAN CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION In this type of motivation approach people are unique, different and their approaches also vary. Complex man is based on the fact that people are variable, they change the ways they seek fulfilment, respond in a variety of ways. There are large numbers of variables which influence organizational performance. It is not limited to social or monetary rewards. In this type of approach sometimes people are motivated by verbal acknowledgement and sometimes people are not satisfied by promoting to higher post. CONCLUSION An understanding of motivation approaches theories can help mangers increase employee performance. Employees generally fall into two types: self motivated, and those that require external motivation to stay motivated. Self motivated employees tend to exhibit good performance even if they are never provided with much external motivation, but their performance increases still more if they are provided with that motivation. Employees that do require external motivation certainly improve in performance when skilfully motivated. Highly motivated employees are highly productive employees and they are superior. Last but not least I would like to tell something about my group we are in group 9 including 6 people. We were divided in a group by college authority we were aware about each other but not so familiar. Initially when we were formed in a group all were working with their own method which resulted into conflict between team members. Due to more interventions of each other we appointed one person as a group leader. Now all the conflicts are settled and all members resist the task with full cooperation. We all have work very hard as team members to give our best and make this topic interesting. All have dedicated their time from busy schedule and gather at one place to prepare for the topic. As a group the level of motivation was very high as our group leader have worked very hard to coordinate with each team member and execute the order to be in the loop with each other so we can solve our difficulty by consulting each other. All team members were very cooperative and dedicative which resulted into good quality of work.

Essay --

According to Ullah (2010) stated selection is importance is given to select right workers for right position. Once a pool of candidates has been identified through the recruitment process the most appropriate candidate, or candidates are identified through a selection process including but not limited to interviewing, reference checking and testing. Workers make difference through their job performance because company is realizing the value of good employee. Hill (2005) stated the good workers of selection for MNCs who not only have the skill to perform particular jobs but also need to ‘fit’ the prevailing culture of the firm. Different of selection methods are used to identify the right worker. ‘Interview’ is a very useful tool to select right worker. Objective of selection process is to identify the candidates who are suitable for vacancy or wider requirement HR plan. First step of selection process is preliminary interview. Interviewer is accepting the referees’ report even with telephone interview, checking primary sources, obtaining corroborative information from institutional and other source. Telephone interview is to cut down on waste time.(Bassett, Ramesy, chan, 2010) Second step of selection process is review of applications and resumes. For example written or oral statement that addresses the selection criteria, referees’ reports and applicant’s resume/curriculum vitae to submit interviewer. (Patterson et al., 2005). Interviewer should review the application forms, resume, test scores (if any) and any correspondence that would be useful in understanding the candidate’s background. Resume of candidate is used as an attention- getter and a means for allowing to get his /her foot into the door. It can be considered as ... ...n is corporate turnover. Internal employees familiar with organization procedures, policies and culture. For example, employees will know about projected are organized, use of consensus building in the decision making process and how to conducted the meeting. External employee have to fulfills the skills and experience needed for a position but not fit into company culture. Contribution within the work organization is high efficiency and productivity. The workers choose through policy will perform their job very efficiency and effectively. Employee will increase the productivity to company. Otherwise, contribution within the work organization is high morale. Workers get job satisfaction from organization. Workers feel the organization reward hard working by offering an opportunity to take new responsibilities or move to a department in which a worker an interest.

Eddie Mabo Speech Essay

History Speech Good Morning Ms Sparks and class. Today I will be doing my presentation on the Mabo Decision. A decision that was very significant in giving a massive boost to the struggle for the recognition of Aboriginal land rights. The Mabo decision was a legal case held in 1992 and is short for Mabo and others v Queensland (No 2) (1992). On June 3rd 1992, the high court of Australia delivered its landmark Mabo decision and rewrote the Australian common law. The High Court is the highest court in Australia’s judicial system. The Mabo decision in the High Court was the culmination of a legal battle started ten years earlier by a group of plaintiffs from the tiny Torres Strait island of Mer to establish their traditional ownership of the Murray Islands. The Mabo decision was named after Eddie Mabo, the man who challenged the Australian legal system and fought for recognition of the rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the traditional owners of their land. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples occupied Australia for 40,000 to 60,000 years before the British arrived in 1788. They spoke their own languages and had their own laws and customs. They also had a strong connection to ‘country’ – the Australian land. When the British arrived, they declared that Australia was terra nullius (empty land – or land that belongs to nobody. As a result, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ occupation of and unique connection with the land were not recognised, and the British took the land without agreement or payment. The Mer Islanders decided they would be the ones to challenge the legal principle of terra nullius in the High Court and that Eddie Mabo would be the one to lead that action. Eddie Koiki Mabo (29 June 1936 to 21 January 1992) was an Australian man from the Torres Strait Islands. Mabo’s love for his homeland drove the proud Torres Strait Islander to undertake a 10- year legal battle that rewrote Australia’s history. In 1981, Eddie Mabo made a speech at James Cook University in Queensland, where he explained his people’s beliefs about the ownership and inheritance of land on Mer. A lawyer heard the speech and  asked Eddie if he would like to challenge the Australian Government in the court system, to decide who the true owner of land on Mer was – his people of the Australian Government. And this is exactly what Eddie Mabo did. The Mabo case ran for 10 years. On 3 June 1992, the High Court of Australia decided that terra nullius should not have been applied to Australia. This decision recognised that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have rights to the land – rights that existed before the British arrived and can still exist today. The Mabo decision was a turning point for the recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights, because it acknowledged their unique connection with the land. It also led to the Australian Parliament passing the Native Title Act in 1993. Sadly, Eddie Mabo never found out the result of his legal case. He died in January 1992, just five months before the High Court made its decision. Mabo Day occurs annually on June 3rd to commemorate Eddie Mabo and his incredible achievement to campaign for indigenous land rights led to a landmark decision of the High Court of Australia that overturned the legal fiction of terra nullius on June 3rd 1992. Eddie Mabo Jnr, on behalf of the Mabo family, said: We believe that a public holiday would be fitting to honour and recognise the contribution to the High Court decision of not only my and his co-plaintiffs, James Rice, Father Dave Passi, Sam Passi and Celuia Salee, but also to acknowledge all indigenous Australians who have empowered and inspired each other. Eddie Mabo made the incredibly brave decision to stand for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Rights which turned out to be one of the best decisions for Australia’s Indigenous people. Thank-you for listening.

The Kushan Empire

The Kushan Empire The Kushan Empire began in the early 1st century as a branch of the Yuezhi, a confederation of ethnically Indo-Europeans nomads who lived in eastern Central Asia. Some scholars connect the Kushans with the Tocharians of the Tarim Basin in China, Caucasian people whose blonde or red-haired mummies have long puzzled observers. Throughout its reign, the Kushan Empire spread control over much of Southern Asia all the way to modern-day Afghanistan and throughout the Indian subcontinent- with it, Zoroastrian, Buhhdism and Hellenistic beliefs also spread as far as China to the east and Persia to the west. Rise of an Empire Around the years A.D. 20 or 30, the Kushans were driven westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people who likely were the ancestors of the Huns. The Kushans fled to the borderlands of what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, where they established an independent empire in the region known as Bactria. In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Greats invasion force that had failed to take India. From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire. Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, turning a nice profit for the Kushan middle-men. Given all their contacts with the great empires of the day, it is hardly surprising that the Kushan people developed a culture with significant elements borrowed from many sources. Predominantly Zoroastrian, the Kushans also incorporated Buddhist and Hellenistic beliefs into their own syncretic religious practices. Kushan coins depict deities including Helios and Heracles, Buddha and Shakyamuni Buddha, and Ahura Mazda, Mithra and the Zoroastrian fire god  Atar. They also used the Greek alphabet that they altered to suit spoken Kushan. Height of the Empire By the rule of the fifth emperor, Kanishka the Great from 127 to 140 the Kushan Empire had pushed into all of northern India and expanded east again as far as the Tarim Basin- the original homeland of the Kushans. Kanishka ruled from Peshawar (currently Pakistan), but his empire also included the major Silk Road cities of Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan in what is now Xinjiang or East Turkestan. Kanishka was a devout Buddhist and has been compared to the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka the Great in that regard. However, evidence suggests that he also worshiped the Persian deity Mithra, who was both a judge and a god of plenty. During his reign, Kanishka built a stupa that Chinese travelers reported as about 600 feet high and covered with jewels. Historians believed that these reports were fabricated until the base of this amazing structure was discovered in Peshawar in 1908. The emperor built this fabulous stupa to house three of the Buddhas bones. References to the stupa have since been discovered among the Buddhist scrolls at Dunhuang, China, as well. In fact, some scholars believe that Kanishkas forays into the Tarim were Chinas first experiences with Buddhism. Decline and Fall After 225 CE, the Kushan Empire crumbled into a western half, which was almost immediately conquered by the Sassanid Empire of Persia, and an eastern half with its capital in Punjab. The eastern Kushan Empire fell at an unknown date, likely between 335 and 350 CE, to the Gupta king, Samudragupta.   Still, the influence of the Kushan Empire helped spread Buddhism across much of Southern and Eastern Asia. Unfortunately, many of the practices, beliefs, art, and texts of the Kushans were destroyed when the empire collapsed and if not for the historical texts of Chinese empires, this history may have been lost forever.

Free Essays on Scarlett Letter (Symbolism)

The Symbolism of the Scarlet Letter In my opinion, adultery is never a good thing, whether that person is happy in their marriage this should have been decided before the marriage took place. Adultery is defined as the unfaithfulness of a married person to the marriage bed; voluntary sexual intercourse by a married woman with another than her husband or visa versa. The way adultery is viewed in America today is very different from America back then. The Scarlet Letter was interesting because of the period of time the story took place. People’s frame of mind was very different compared to people of the 19th century. It is not a shock or uncommon to hear that someone has cheated on their husband or wife. An example of this would be the Kobe Bryant case. Kobe Bryant, an NBA superstar, admitted to committing adultery, but being kicked out of his city or banned from anything would be an unthinkable punishment in today’s society. However, no matter what era, adultery is a shameful and disloyal thing. I n the Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is the Kobe Bryant of her time. Hester Prynne was the accomplice in the adultery that was committed in the story. On the contrary, what most people would look at as a negative she turned into a positive. When her punishment was reduced from death to the embarrassment of standing on a scaffold for the entire Puritan town to see, I felt that this was worse than death. Just when I thought it couldn’t get any worse, her other penalties came by having to wear an â€Å"A† on her bosom so the whole town could see and she was forced out of the town to live in a cottage with her illegitimate daughter. Even with all her guilt, punishments, and embarrassments, she still stood strong, more enduring, and even more sympathetic, which I admired. Her mark of shame becomes a mark of being different. She could have easily given up on her life, but she made the best out of her situation. As time went on... Free Essays on Scarlett Letter (Symbolism) Free Essays on Scarlett Letter (Symbolism) The Symbolism of the Scarlet Letter In my opinion, adultery is never a good thing, whether that person is happy in their marriage this should have been decided before the marriage took place. Adultery is defined as the unfaithfulness of a married person to the marriage bed; voluntary sexual intercourse by a married woman with another than her husband or visa versa. The way adultery is viewed in America today is very different from America back then. The Scarlet Letter was interesting because of the period of time the story took place. People’s frame of mind was very different compared to people of the 19th century. It is not a shock or uncommon to hear that someone has cheated on their husband or wife. An example of this would be the Kobe Bryant case. Kobe Bryant, an NBA superstar, admitted to committing adultery, but being kicked out of his city or banned from anything would be an unthinkable punishment in today’s society. However, no matter what era, adultery is a shameful and disloyal thing. I n the Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is the Kobe Bryant of her time. Hester Prynne was the accomplice in the adultery that was committed in the story. On the contrary, what most people would look at as a negative she turned into a positive. When her punishment was reduced from death to the embarrassment of standing on a scaffold for the entire Puritan town to see, I felt that this was worse than death. Just when I thought it couldn’t get any worse, her other penalties came by having to wear an â€Å"A† on her bosom so the whole town could see and she was forced out of the town to live in a cottage with her illegitimate daughter. Even with all her guilt, punishments, and embarrassments, she still stood strong, more enduring, and even more sympathetic, which I admired. Her mark of shame becomes a mark of being different. She could have easily given up on her life, but she made the best out of her situation. As time went on...

The Parking Lot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Parking Lot - Essay Example This issue should be urgently addressed to address the disorganization and disturbance that it causes in the campus. This is an informational analysis. The authority responsible for this issue is the security department at the campus because they are mandated to handle issues of car parking and issues of disorganization and confusion created. As such, this complaint is directed to the head of the security department at the campus. The lack of ample parking space is a problem in different areas (Arbatskaya, Mukhopadhaya and Rasmusen 4). In campus, it has been an ongoing issue for a long time and has created a nuisance. The numbers of students increase in the campus every year meaning that the numbers of cars, motorcycles and bicycles also increase. Despite the increase, the parking spaces are left unmanaged and the people who own cars, motorcycles and bicycles are left struggling on where to park and as a result of this decide to park anywhere they want. This issue has brought about several unpleasant experiences. First, there have been accidents involving cars, motorcycles and bicycles. Because people decide to park their cars, motorcycles and bicycles anywhere and anyhow they want, it becomes difficult for them to move from places where they have parked, for instance when other cars, motorcycles or bicycles have parked behind them or on the sides. There have been several cases where people have complained that those who had parked either side of their cars had hit and damaged their cars or bikes when getting out and ran away without reporting or helping them repair their cars. The security has been unable to solve such issues because of lack of evidence or information to apprehend the culprits in addition to the fact that it would be difficult to solve such issues when no one knows who had parked the right way. Next, students as well as other people have

Unit 4 DB Introduction to American Court System Essay

Unit 4 DB Introduction to American Court System - Essay Example This decision is based on the irrefutable availability of sufficient evidence for legal documents necessary for commencing prosecution. Further discretion at this stage relates to the decision to offer legal agreement to the charged suspect on the basis that he or she confesses their guilt and opt not to stand trial. At the trial stage the prosecutor’s role pertains to disclosing all evidence to the defense council pertaining to the suspect’s case. Moreover, at the serving and sentencing stage the law enforcement officer is charged with the discretion of acting of as parole officers of sentenced criminals that have been selected for possible freedom based on their character (Mellili, 1992). The judge exercises discretion at the trial stage by leading the court proceedings against the charged suspect. At the sentencing stage, the judge exercises his or her discretion after the defendant is found guilty after a plea of guilt or judgment by the jury. Consequently, the judge dispenses the sentencing laws cognizant with the crime charged. Furthermore, the judge exercises discretion at the appeal stage. At the instigation by the defense counsel of the sentenced defendant, an appeal may be issued and reviewed a judge in the appellate court (Mellili, 1992). Furthermore, a different judge will lead the proceedings of a new trial based on the review and approval of an appellate court. Some of the guidelines that are in force to limit the discretion powers of enforcement officers include the limit on excessive force while making arrest. This is in light of the possibility of the officers to use police brutality on unarmed and powerless suspects such as racial minorities (U.S Department of Justice, 2012). . On the part of the judges, guidelines that could be used in limiting their discretion pertain to issues of sentencing. These include sentencing structures that limit and regulate the punishment

Textual Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Textual Analysis - Essay Example For him, group absolution means the dominance of the group influence over individual will. Grossman effectively convinces the audience through pathos and logos that people can kill another person because of their group bonds that dissolve their accountability and promote their anonymity, although he commits the fallacies of false analogy, biased sample, and confusing cause and effect, when he fails to expand his sampling and to identify other probable motivations and conditions for killing. Grossman effectively convinces the audience through pathos that it takes emotional bonding to do something as hard as killing another human being, as well as being killed. He uses different emotional examples to support his claim. For instance, he mentions Dinter who explains that the â€Å"integration of the individual in the group† can be so deep that when the group is destroyed or defeated, individuals either fall to depression or commit suicide (Grossman 149-150). This example is emotio nally charged because it describes how people give up their lives when their groups falter. Furthermore, Grossman highlights the emotional connections involved in group bonding that can overpass the will of survival. He cites the account of a veteran U.S. Marines Corp. Gwynne Dyer, who underlines the role of â€Å"peer pressure† in combat, while Ardant du Picq calls it â€Å"mutual surveillance† (Grossman 150). He mentions these people who believe that groups form emotional connections, which make them extremely aware of and sensitive to one another’s opinions and actions. In addition, Grossman uses examples of emotional value to stress the association between emotional group bonds and individual action. He narrates the action of Audie Murphy as a form of gallantry: â€Å"[Murphy] won the Medal of Honor by single-handedly taking on a German infantry company† (Grossman 155). The word â€Å"single-handedly† suggests that, for Grossman, what Murphy di d is not stupid, but rather admirable. Grossman extends this admiration by quoting something deeply emotional from Murphy, who said that he attacked the Germans against all odds because â€Å"they were killing [his] friends† (Grossman 155). Murphy is illustrated as a selfless, devoted comrade, an emotional tactic that depicts how emotions surpass rationality in the context of heroic acts. Grossman, hence, clearly articulates through the testimonies of others that killing is a group business with strong emotional attachment, and not a product of individual will alone. While using pathos, Grossman also employs logos to explain how the group shapes individual combat behavior. He uses analogy to describe the parallelism between animal and human group behavior. He narrates the result of the 1972 research of Kruck, who learned that some animals slaughter prey that are more than necessary for their consumption because of group behavior (Grossman 151). Grossman believes that the same analogy applies to people in groups, where they think and act like a herd, instead of as separate individuals. He adds the explanation of Shalit, which he believes is important to corroborate his analogy. Shalit believes that â€Å"senseless violence in the animal world† is similar to â€Å"violence in the human domain,† and in both cases, groups are the ones who conduct violent acts, not individuals (Grossman 151). Senseless violence cannot be performed by one individual in normal cases, but groups can

Planning And Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Planning And Decision Making Essay Many organizations lack a better planning and decision making systems that usually leads to the failure of there operations, in this case planning refers to the overall integrated planning system within an organization which incorporates both strategic and corporate planning. An organization is a consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. Therefore corporate planning can only be achieved through management functions; planning, which encompasses defining organization goals establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals and developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities, organizing, which is the determination of what tasks have to be done, who does them how the tasks are to be grouped? Who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made. Controlling, this involves monitoring the organizations performance, leading, which involves managers motivating subordinates, directing the activities to be done, selecting the most appropriate channels of communication and resolving any conflicts among the employees Taking a look at Toyota Industries Corporation that was started in the year 1937 by Kiichirro Toyoda. It started off by manufacturing and selling automatic looms. Later on it extended by manufacturing automobiles including vehicles, car air conditioning compressors and engines. Toyota Company is widely known all over the world as an automobile manufacturer. It proudly owns the title of the world’s largest automaker company. It is known to be the largest then followed by General Motors Company. This company made sales worth 4. 72 million in the first half of the year 2007. It actually made a profit of $ 15. 09 billion. This paper is dealing with an evaluation of the success that this Company is having. This company is known to have production bases in Asia, Europe, Japan, India, China and North America. Toyoda, 2005) Orientation This company is reported to have a better management system that is referred to as the Toyota Production System which is made up of practices that are meant to organize the company’s logistics and its production; it is also found to encouraging a better communication between the company and its clients. Evaluation of Toyota Company shows tremendous success in the year 2007. This has actually ended the reign of the world best selling trademark of General Motors. An evaluation of the success of Toyota Company shows that it has really expanded various markets worldwide. This has enabled it to reach a very wide scope of customers. Evaluation on the success of Toyota Company shows that it has really opened up so many outlets all over the world including Africa. This has helped customers to easily access Toyota products unlike before. That is why this Company is really enjoying the booming success. (Dr. Shoichiro 2006) Planning is very important in any organization. This is because it helps the organization to easily replace personnel who get promotions or those who get transfers. This is because organizations nowadays carry out management development on all the leaders and managers in an organization. This helps an organization to have a pool of qualified personnel. It also helps an organization to carry out technological advancement. This is because the organization’s personnel are qualified and quite updated in the current technology. (www. onesixsigma. com) Key Processes  The system was founded between the years 1948 and the year 1975 which at the moment referred to as â€Å"Just in Time production† it was regarded as a house like design through which most of its workers once they are recruited they first of all get trained first before they start working in the company this actually shows how committed Toyota is in implementing a good performance oriented workforce, in this case we find that after an employee is trained and found to be successful then he is promoted with an ambition of meeting the expected company standards that are set. From the Toyota Production we find that the Managers can use this to identify the training goals. A manager needs to review his employee’s skills and the areas that they need to improve. These needs in the managerial skills will help in making goals. To find out this, the manager needs to asses the workforce and through this he can know what they are able to do and what they can’t do. Therefore the manager cannot just do this by himself. He needs assistance from other people. They can assist in reviewing his performance. Such people include the supervisors. These people can give invaluable information on the areas that need to be improved and give insight on the behaviors exhibited at work. During the planning the manager needs to consider the training programs that are being offered. The manager needs to carry out plan implementation. After that the manager needs to evaluate himself if he achieved his goals. The TPS also ensures that there is a minimal wastage of resources in the company, since the company regards wastage of resources as a result of de-motivation to its employees. Any organization that carries out management development usually experiences an increase in its productivity. When the personnel in an organization get skills in management there will be an increase in production. (www. onesixsigma. com) The founders of the Toyota production system had an ambition of eliminating the burdens which was referred to as the â€Å"muri†, also to curb the inconsistency referred to as the â€Å"mura† and the other reason for establishing the system is avoid wastage which was referred to as â€Å"muda† therefore we find that the company using the system has therefore discovered on how to reduce factors leading to wastage in the production of the firm. (www. onesixsigma. com) This has led to a better decision making in the firm whereby the system defines that better results are always founded on the right process of production whereby the companies are always urged to come up with a continuous flow of communication in order to indicate the threats of the company, we also find that the company encourages the use of the pull system which is directed towards the avoidance of overproduction, the other way that will enable a company to achieve its goals is to have a levelised workload whereby the employees are allowed to work at a lower speed in order to have better production results rather than working with a high speed to give poor results. In figure one, we find that the diagram has indicated that the company operates in two ways the Jidoka and the Just on Time processes whose goal is to enable a high quality production at a lower cost and within the shortest time limit. Here we find the company actually deals with the reduction of the cost of its products and also on the improvement of the quality of its products. Research indicates that Toyota is in a position of producing one vehicle in every six seconds which results into a total of six million vehicles per year, we also find that the company does not employ people who are given the responsibility but the members themselves report to be disciplined in a manner that they always clean their own offices, this policy has been found to be successful in ensuring that the workers report to their working areas with aim of improving their productivity. Key Learnings Management development is very beneficial to organizations. Many organizations that have embraced this usually have efficient and effective personnel. This improves the productivity hence leading to financial gains. The managers are skilled and will deal with issues that can cause losses efficiently. Figure two below indicating the ways Toyota puts together it production process, the company is reported to be successful as a result of encouraging its employees to work together as a team Whereby in terms of staffing, we find that the Toyota company actually employs more than 4,000 workers each day who are always provided with a number of two working shifts, in this company we find that the employees work in terms of teams, under which each team is made of a minimum of four to six employees, research also indicates that eight teams in the company make a whole group which is therefore provided with a team leader. Under the management in the organization we find that the company improves the performance of their workers through a better paying system which research indicates that every member in the team is paid at least ? 7,000 including this is inclusive of shift and overtime premium, they are also provided with a private healthcare. (www. onesixsigma. com) Where also find that there exist the policies of continuous improvement which is the company terms it as Kaizen action meetings which are regarded as circles of quality whereby the member staffs are involved in the improvement of the performance of the employees. This is well encouraged where the company is found to be offering Kaizen prizes after every six months. in the meetings a manager managing a team of twenty five groups is given an opportunity of deciding which group manager is the best after which all the managers in the company decides which group manager is the best to win the presentation. Then the two of the managers are given a chance to travel to Japan for a kaizen conference and give the story about their performance. For all these reasons we find that this Kaizen is used a way of improving the employees performance in the Toyota company and therefore the other companies planning to be as successful as Toyota one needs to implement the same policy in his or her organization. (www. onesixsigma. com) When evaluating the success in this Company, one can’t fail to notice the improved marketing strategies that have been incorporated therein. The company carried out outsourcing of experts who carried out market research on the target customers of this nation. The Company was therefore in a position to strategize so that it could overthrow the previous automobile manufacturer-General Motors. Marketing strategies were put in place to target the affluent customers all over the world. This played a big role in the success of Toyota Company. These marketing strategies included participating in sports. Toyota Company vehicles were used in motor spots and this actually marketed the vehicles. The Super 2000 Corolla and Peugeot were won in motors spots that were carried out late in the year 2007. (Toyoda, 2005) Toyota Company has had various acquisitions which influenced its success. It acquired 8. 7% of Fuji Industries. This Company is the manufacturer of Subaru vehicles. Toyota Company also acquired 5. 9% of Isuzu Motors. These strategies highly influenced the success of Toyota Company in the year 2007. This made Toyota Company to overtake General Motors. Toyota Company really strategized and incorporated new technologies in its manufacturing system. These technologies include an advanced parking guidance system and automatic power buttons. This resulted in the manufacture of hybrid gas-electric vehicle. This was produced in very large numbers. This hybrid gas-electric vehicle is sold at one million all over the world. This played a big role in the entire success of Toyota Company. (Dr. Shoichiro 2006) Evaluation of the success of Toyota Company shows that one of the factors that influenced its overall success in the year 2007 is branding. This company manufactures a wide variety of brands. This gives customers a wide variety of vehicles to choose from this Company. These brands include Lexus GS, Toyota Camry, Toyota 4Runner, Toyota Tundra, Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Prius etc. This has also played a big role in the success of Toyota Company. Surveys carried out on Toyota Company products show a great improvement on the quality of its products. This influenced the general success of this Company until it overtook the previous world leader- General Motors Company. It brands are actually preferred by customers because of quality and durability. Toyota produced Lexus and Scion automobiles which ranked top in reliability and quality surveys. They also ranked best according to various consumer reports. According to the annual report of Toyota Company 2007, there was much incorporation of team work which greatly influenced the success of Toyota Company. This Company has a large market share in United States and Asia. (Wooly, 2006) Conclusion According to the annual report in Toyota Company, approximately 4. 72 million vehicles were sold by the first half of the year 2007. This ended seventy six year reign of General Motors Company. Evaluation of the success of Toyota Company’s success in the year 2007 shows that this company incorporated various strategies that played a big role in its success. These included outsourcing of experts, incorporation of new marketing strategies and opening up of very many outlets all over the world. Branding aspect in this Company was well used by the marketing experts and this is how Toyota Company managed to overthrow the previous world leading manufacturer – General Motors Company. The market share for Toyota Company in United States of America is enviable. This Company currently has the challenge of maintaining its leadership role in the automobile industry.

Is Technology to Blame for Americas Obesity Problem? Essay -- Overweig

As a future educator of physical education, I feel that our nation’s weight problem is an issue that needs to be addressed. I feel that it is and will be my job to educate students about the importance of taking care of your body because â€Å"fat kids have a 92% chance of becoming fat adults† (www.amp.com). The leading cause of death in the United States, for men and women, is heart disease. â€Å"The United States alone the estimated annual number of deaths attributable to obesity is about 280,000.† (www.members.iglou.com) â€Å"Results on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000 indicate that an estimated 64 percent of U.S. adults are either overweight or obese.† (www.cdc.gov) In addition, â€Å"The number of overweight children in the United States has more than doubled since the early 1970s† (www.naaso.org) and â€Å"about 15 percent of children and adolescents are now overweight.† (www.cdc.gov) There is a difference in being overweight and being obese. Being overweight â€Å"refers to increased body weight in relation to height, when compared to some standard of acceptable or desirable weight.† (www.cdc.gov) Being over weight may or may not be due to the increase in body fat. It may be due to an increase in lean muscle. A perfect example of this is in professional athletes. Professional athletes may be very lean and muscular, with very little body fat, yet may weigh more than others of the same height. This may qualify the athlete as â€Å"overweight† due to their large muscle mass. This is based on the belief of someone who has come up with what they believe to be desirable. Now â€Å"obesity is defined as an excessively high amount of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass. The amount of ... ...e. No one is making you eat what you are it is your choice. I think we should also think about things that we are doing to our children, which is training them to be lazy. An example of this is when it is a nice day outside and we allow our children to stay inside and play video games or watch television. This is a great opportunity to have your kids getting some more activity. Something we should consider not doing anymore is to stop putting televisions in our children’s bedrooms. â€Å"If a child replaces those almost 20 minutes a week with ANY other activity (besides reading or thinking), he, or she is going to be more physically active. Even painting would be more active than watching television.† (www.texas.teachers.net) Robinson TN. Reducing children’s television viewing to prevent obesity: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282: 1561-7.

Hamlet as a Tragic Hero :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet as a Tragic Hero William Shakespeare, the greatest playwright of the English language, wrote a total of 37 plays in his lifetime, all of which can be categorized under tragedy, comedy, or history. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Shakespeare's most popular and greatest tragedy, displays his genius as a playwright, as literary critics and academic commentators have found an unusual number of themes and literary techniques present in Hamlet. Hamlet concerns the murder of the king of Denmark and the murdered king's son's quest for revenge. Its main character, Hamlet, possesses a tragic flaw which obstructs his desire for revenge and ultimately brings about his death. This tragic flaw makes him a tragic hero, a character who is destroyed because of a major weakness, as his death at the end could possibly have been avoided were it not for his tragic flaw. Hamlet's flaw of irresolution, the uncertainty on how to act or proceed, is shown when Hamlet sees a play and the passion the actors had, after Hamlet's third soliloquy, in Hamlet's fourth soliloquy, and in Hamlet's indecisive pursuit in avenging his father's death. First, Hamlet's flaw of irresolution is shown when he sees a play and the passion one particular actor had. A group of players has arrived and Hamlet arranges a personal viewing of The Murder of Gonzago with a small portion of his own lines inserted. Hamlet then observes one portion of the play in which one of the players put on a great display of emotion. Hamlet, besieged by guilt and self-contempt, remarks in his second soliloquy of Hamlet of the emotion this player showed despite the fact that the player had nothing to be emotional about. Hamlet observed that he himself had all the reason in the world to react with great emotion and sorrow, yet he failed to show any that could compare with the act of the player. Hamlet calls himself a "rogue and peasant slave" and a "dull and muddy-mettled rascal" who, like a "John-a-dreams", can take no action. Hamlet continues his fiery speech by degrading himself and resoluting to take some sort of action to revenge his father's death. Next, Hamlet's flaw of irresolution is shown after his third soliloquy, the famed "To be or not to be†¦" lines. Hamlet directly identifies his own tragic flaw, remarking of his own inability to act. Hamlet, unsure whether or not the his uncle Claudius was responsible for his father's murder, schemes to have The Murder of Gonzago presented to the royal court, with a few minor changes, so its

Organisational Behaviour †Personalities Essay

Organisation : a group of people working towards the same goal. Human Resource Management : a function in organisations designed to maximise employee performance in service of their employer’s strategic objectives. HR is primarily concerned with how people are managed within organisations, focusing on policies and systems. Organisational Behaviour : studies the impact individuals, groups, and structures have on human behaviour within organisations. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management. The companies which interest people do better financially. Exercise 1 – Knowing Yourself Who am I: creative, worried, thoughtful, planner, enthusiastic Personality and Individual Differences: Nature and Nurture Fixed in the short run Particularly salient in â€Å"weak† situations Organisational Personality Why is Personality needed? For recruiters to see what individual is needed for a jon To see what careers are better for us To manage employees to understand their natural capabilities and where they will find most satisfaction Personality at work: Fundamental personality traits, the Big 5: Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion – Introversion Agreeableness Neuroticism – Emotional Stability Individual Differences (Affectivity, EQ, Type A/B) Openness to Experience: OE has implications for peiple’s willingness to be original and take risks. It is essential during change, jobs involving risk, and oriented towards innovation Conscientiousness: Strong link between this and performance. Is it a limiting factor at work? Is it ever beneficial to break the rules at work? Extraversion: have a greater tendency to experience positive emotional states. They outperform introverts in managerial and sales jobs. Good for jobs involving frequent social interaction. Agreeableness: No clear research between agreeableness and performance. A low agreeableness may be an advantage in certain jobs, a higher agreeableness may be helpful for a team player. Neuroticism: Link to performance is unclear, however this is not necessarily bad. It is linked to negative affectivity. At work, they may be more critic of their own work, and may be more persistent in work. CORRELATIONS Emotional Intelligence (EQ) – the extent to which an individual understands and can relate to him/her-self and others (Goleman, 1998). The ability to recognize and regulate our own emotions The ability to recognize and influence others’ emotions Social Skill: The skills we use to communicate and interact with each other, both verbally and non-verbally, through gestures, body language and our personal appearance. Managing relationships to move people in desirable directions. Can be developed through motivation, practice and feedback. Can only be learned with desire and concerned effort. Be in a social environment, feel comfortable.

Disaster Management of JohnsonJohnson and Coca

Disaster Management of JohnsonJohnson and Coca Introduction On 30th September 1982, Johnson Johnson Company’s boss received news that seven people had died after consuming cyanide-laced capsules of Tylenol in Chicago. The news spread expressly through the media to the extent of causing countrywide panic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disaster Management of JohnsonJohnson and Coca-Cola specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company launched investigations to find out the causes of the deaths and ascertain the association of their product to the deaths. The outcome proved that an individual had maliciously replaced the Tylenol extra-strength capsules with cyanide extra strength in the company’s packages and sold them to consumers to bring down the business reputation. The company had a hard time trying to explain the situation to the public and its customers and convince them to continue trusting its merchandise. Although the strategy worked, the cor poration lost many revenues. Even with such a scenario, the company did not prepare for the eventuality of another such attack. In 1986, a similar attack took place. However, the company was more prepared and was able to deal with the problem. This occurrence redefined the rules of crisis management. Scholars have strengthened their thesis concerning this fact. A different scenario in Europe put Coca-Cola in the same spot, making it lose market control to the level of banning its products and rights from markets. Unlike the Johnson Johnson Company’s crisis, Coca-Cola had poor public relations, which cost it more to re-enter the market. The scenarios in these two companies have given crisis control scholars two different points of view and allowed them to analyse the approaches in a manner that determines the method that is most appropriate for a particular scenario.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pape r with 15% OFF Learn More Every company must have crisis management embedded in its managerial strategy. Companies must learn to study the market and determine the threats as they occur so that they can do away with them as soon as they pop up to avoid losing business or tarnishing their brand names. This paper will focus on these two crises to bring out the key points that determine the effectiveness of a response to a crisis and the failures that are associated with poor handling of such scenarios. Crisis Management for the Two Companies Johnson Johnson Crisis By 1982, Johnson Johnson Company had commanded about 35% of the US counters analgesic markets. This accomplishment translated to about 15% of the total national revenues in over-the-counter drugs. By far, it had the controlling power. Thus, it acted as the price giver. According to Rehak (2002), the results of cyanide incorporation in the Tylenol were catastrophic. Seven people died in the US. The situation resulted in a market-wide panic and reduction in the consumption of the company’s products. The information turned the population against the drug. For a large period, the company’s drugs lost value. From another viewpoint, the company shares too went down almost to a recess. The events must have taught the company a major lesson. Following the end of this crisis that was poorly managed, another similar crisis faced the company in 1986. One might wonder whether the company had no hint concerning catastrophe preparedness. The company was not ready to lose any more value in stock. It made a quick response to the crisis by recalling its products both in the home market and in the international front. This move was consumer-friendly. It would go a long way in its future. Although the company had to spend over one billion dollars in correcting this mistake, it was recognised as the most consumer responsive company (Rehak, 2002). This achievement swayed the population to tr ust its products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disaster Management of JohnsonJohnson and Coca-Cola specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Clients were assured that the company was readily responding to their call in case of a crisis. As Rehak (2002) says, â€Å"It placed consumers first by recalling 31 million bottles of Tylenol capsules from store shelves and offering replacement product in the safer tablet form free of charge† (Para. 3). Most painkiller consumers shifted their loyalty from other brands such as Perrier to Johnson Johnson. This move by the corporation was a calculated one. The risks were too high. The business would have faced a criminal impeachment that would have cost it more billions while at the same time losing the client base, products, and the market for future production. The reader might want to predict what would have happened if the company did not implement such a response mechanism . The company’s well-calculated response saved it from this loss because any more deaths would have resulted in the company’s products being banned from many of the markets. This crisis would not have been controlled at this level. The quick response created trust between the manufacturer and the consumer. By observing the consumer characteristics of wanting to consume nothing but the best, the firm understood that the shopper would shift to another product unless there was a compensating factor. The recall was smart, as the consumer felt cared for and thus convinced to remain loyal (Curtin, Hayman, Husein, 2004). The company’s management forewent the short-term goals for the long-term ones by losing the billion dollars in recalls as a way of restructuring the company’s strategy (Rehak, 2002). Its ability to achieve the long-term goals at that moment entirely depended on how it would handle the situation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although silencing the problem came at a cost, the company assured customers of safety when enjoying its products. Since the clients were the same target bases for the company’s longer goals, it secured their returns in the end. The reader can confirm that the move was a game changer that had not been tried before. Any backfiring would have cost the company more resources. The outcome was unpredictable and open to market forces. For crisis managers to undertake this method, they must have studied the market to know which move to play. Coca-Cola’s 1999 Crisis Coca-cola is a globalised company whose financial assets are estimated at 160 billion dollars. It controls most of the world soft drink market. In Europe alone, its market share is about 60% (Johnson Peppas, 2003). This figure implies that it has the majority market share and thus a price setter. Given that Europe acts as one trade bloc in most of its economic decisions, any crisis that hits a single nation can be felt in all the 15 nations in the union. A company such as Coca-Cola must thus be careful in its response to the crisis to ensure that it remains at the same controlling position of retaining its profits constant. Confirming this assertion, Business Monitor International (2014) says, â€Å"The Coca-Cola Company (Coke) has been behind PepsiCo (Pepsi) in addressing the weakening industry structure† (p. 168). Unfortunately, this happening was not the case in 1999. According to Johnson and Peppas (2003), while it tried to respond to the issue of drink contamination in its own approach, the company was unable to convince the nations that it had everything under control. Managers had to face the challenge of explaining the contamination of imported drinks. Countries such as Germany were unhappy with the situation. Reporting in New York Times, Andrews (1999) confirmed how, â€Å"a growing number of consumer groups in Germany and elsewhere complained that Coca-Cola had been opaque and unreassuring in its public explanations† (Para. 4). They demanded the company to be receptive. In response, the company sent crisis managers to curb the spread of the disaster, as well as its return to its former position. The reader might want to know whether the goods were recalled as witnessed in the previous case. However, unlike Johnson Johnson Company situation, Coca-Cola did not recall the products. For instance, as Blanding (2010) reveals, steered by its Indian subsidiaries, the company placed an advertisement saying, â€Å"We can safely assert that there is no contamination or toxicity whatsoever in our brand of beverages† (p. 242). Instead, it pushed to see that the products were sold citing that the drinks were not contaminated and that they could not affect the consumers’ health. As a result, some of the trustworthy consumers remained loyal to the brand, although many nations and consumer protection groups pushed for the withdrawal of the product s from the market. The result was some nations banning the use of the products in some countries. For instance, Belgium-manufactured products were banned from German markets. Andrews (1999) confirms this assertion by showing how, â€Å"German authorities began checking the origin of Coke products and removing any that had been bottled in France or Belgium† (Para. 4). Spain and Italy followed suit. Implication Following the extensive business and ecological problems that arose during the 1980s, disaster administration was introduced. GAO was in the forefront to bring the subject of crisis management on the table. This body â€Å"focused on three phases of the financial crisis management† (GAO, 1997, p. 1). The aim was to assess damages that occur in case of a disaster and create mechanisms to deal with them while maintaining the companies’ financial status as close as possible to its former position. From these expositions, the industrial crisis that hit the John son Johnson Company had repercussions in terms of how it was handled. However, a similar crisis in 1986 redefined the company’s position and crisis management approaches. In 1999, Coca-Cola was hit by the same kind of crisis. However, its slowness in response deteriorated its position, thus leading to major losses in the European region. In terms of loss of market control, Coca-Cola lost market since its products were banned from these major markets (Lyon, 2004). Confirming this situation, Johnson and Peppas (2003) say, â€Å"the Belgian Health Ministry ordered that Coca-Cola trade-marked products be withdrawn from the Belgian market† (p. 18). Considering that it controls 60% of the European soft drinks market, the company lost billions in dollars after consumers lost their trust in the company’s products. In terms of investment loss, while the products were not recalled in some regions such as Germany, the company was unable to sell the products, despite sendi ng administrative official to confirm to consumers that the products had, â€Å"no signs of contamination† (Andrews, 1999, Para. 14). This observation means that it lost both the short-term and long-term investment. Since the products remained in stall, the production was slowed. Hence, the future of its sales was uncertain. According to Johnson and Peppas (2003), the business was finally recalled from the market following the push from the Belgian Health department because of two unconnected reasons. Firstly, customers protested of irregular flavour and aroma in the company’s bottles. Secondly, one hundred people became unwell following the consumption of the drinks (Johnson Peppas, 2003). An approximate of fifteen million packaging containers was returned to the company. Although Coca-Cola had existed for over one hundred and thirteen years before this event, it experienced decrease in consumer loyalty. It had gained massive consumer loyalty. Most consumers regarded its products to have the highest quality in soft drink manufacturing. How the Crises were Well Managed Following the identification of the crisis and an overview of the course of action of the two scenarios, this section will make a chronological review of the management of the crisis. It also presents short-term and long-term outcomes in an attempt to see the effect of their approaches. The section will also define a working plan that will compare the approaches of theories of crisis management and conclude on their effectiveness. Which is the most effective crisis management approach? To answer this question, it will work to investigate, determine, and analyse the approaches to give a detailed conclusion and suggestion as to the most effective approaches. Following the lift of the ban in Belgium, the company had to discuss the way forward. For instance, it was â€Å"to take immediate steps to remedy those problems† (Johnson Peppas, 2003, p. 18). He announced that the comp any would embark on aggressive marketing campaign in Europe to regain consumer trust. He held forums, giving samples, and holding dances and music parties where the attendees were given free drinks (Johnson Peppas, 2003). The company also held a summer tour around Europe to promote the brand. A competition around Europe in which 72,000 customers would win different prices was undertaken Johnson Peppas, 2003). This strategy was very effective since consumers had to guzzle many of the products to participate and win. The products regained their popularity throughout Europe in this promotion. From this plan, the key role of crisis management as part of every management strategy became evident. Coca-Cola Company may have failed to foresee this crisis. However, it was not prepared to deal with the crisis. What it did was to solve the aftermath of the crisis. Did it have a team that was ready to respond to the problem immediately before it escalated? Controlling the aftermath became mor e expensive than it should have been if such a team were in place. As Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell (2010) assert, perception becomes a reality and that unless a situation is curbed as it emerges, it escalates to bigger issue. The governments finally lifted the ban, which was a reassuring point to the people upon considering that the community respected and expected them (governments) to protect their interests. As Johnson and Peppas (2003) confirm, â€Å"the Company began moving to resume production of high-quality products while maintaining efforts to recover and destroy all existing products† (p. 19). Brand image preservation was a key requirement. Using its website, the company initiated public education (Johnson Peppas, 2003). The factors were generalised to fit all countries. The brand was also more informative on the containers. This information assured the public that the company was taking steps to ensuring that such incidents were outdated. In terms of value-adde d components, the company was able to convince the public that its product had value-added components that could make it out win its competitors (Johnson Peppas, 2003). For instance, it embarked on quality merchandise whose prices were affordable. The company built public confidence in its leadership. For instance, with the coming of the vice-president to assess the situation in Belgium, the corporation showed a lot of care on the side of its clients and management. This outcome was a positive social responsiveness. Tylenol had dominated the over-the-counter bazaar in America for years. In fact, as Markel (2014) says, â€Å"Before the 1982 crisis, Tylenol controlled more than 35 percent of the over-the-counter pain reliever market† (Para. 10). However, the company chose to withdraw it from the market to show that it was not ready to risk public lives. Kaplan (n.d) presents the role that public relations played in the process of addressing this disaster. This move reversed th e public view. Instead of seeing Tylenol as the cause of its issues, esteemed clients and stakeholders regarded the company as the victim of the disaster. Thus, they remained loyal to Johnson Johnson Company’s brand. This move was significant and effective. It allowed the company to forego its short-term goals while at the same time re-emerging to fulfil and achieve its long-term goals as Johnson and Peppas (2003) confirms. This move that cost the company millions of dollars also saved it more billions that would have otherwise been incurred while struggling to join the market a new after the crisis. In response to the crisis, the company engaged in informative advertisement plans. Using the media, the company communicated to the public concerning its plan to produce quality and standard. For the Coca-Cola Company, this strategy reduced and eliminated the possibility of further casualties. Confirming the above achievements, Johnson and Peppas (2003) assert, â€Å"By the beg inning of August, research indicated that core users of Coca-Cola brand products reported the same intent-to-purchase levels as before the crisis† (p. 20). For Johnson Johnson, the move also reduced the cost of repaying and compensating the victims. Introduction of the triple packaging seals for commodity safety purpose was also an excellent strategy. Reporting for the New York Times, Pace (1982) says, â€Å"The business stock rose from $1.50 yesterday, to $47.25, in trading on the New York Stock Exchange† (Para. 8). This parcel had a fastened container, a synthetic material, and a close up that guaranteed safety of the content. Using multiple conferences at corporate headquarters, the company advertised the new plan of securing its packaging materials and immediately gained public, despite the move amplifying the business operations costs (Pace, 1982). Scholars such as Pace (1982) and Markel (2014) have viewed the strategy that Johnson Johnson Company adopted as the forgiveness and sympathy method. It reacted in a manner that depicted how it was sorry for the mistake. This strategy worked perfectly. Soon after, the company was the best performing. Rectification was witnessed based on the steps the company took to ensure that this event did not happen again. By introducing the three-seal package, the company showed the public its willingness to change the scenario and continue doing business with its venerated clientele. The sympathy strategy was such that the public viewed the crisis as a deliberate attack by an outside force. This tactic won sympathy for the company from the public, which meant that it (the public) would help it (the company) to regain its position and thus disassociate it with poor drugs. Changes to be made for Future Resilience Evaluating the two approaches, both companies were able to deal with the crisis at hand in different ways to achieve the same objective. The difference was only witnessed in the cost of averting the c risis. The whole study on Coca-Cola revolves around the fact that the company was not quick enough to solve the issues as compared to Johnson Johnson Tylenol Company. The ease at which one company discovered the problem determined the incurred costs. Both companies failed to put in place a crisis management team before the crisis happened. They should have put up this department in their management strategies to ease the response. If this plan were in place, the number of casualties in both scenarios would have been less. The companies have ever since considered having a crisis response team following the lesson they got from the two events. Coca-Cola Company should have considered consumer protection a priority over profits. It did not withdraw its products from the market until its brand was banned. This step was only a control measure, rather than a management strategy. It only responded to the crisis while not addressing its consumers or issuing a statement that would have crea ted a sympathy situation. On the other hand, Johnson Johnson Company accepted it fault given that this incident was the second crisis of the similar manner. With reference to the 1982 case, the company waited without issuing a control mechanism until the occurrence of the second problem to initiate the protocol. The company was profit conscious and hence the reason why it did not want to recall its products because that move would have reduced its returns. Conclusion Coca-Cola is among the most recognised businesses in the world for its sale of soft drinks. However, the paper has made it clear that the company did not attain its excellent global rank in a day. It has had to learn from the many crises that have come its way. Many scholars who have been studying this company for decades have associated the turbulent experiences as the root behind the company’s social responsiveness, better customer services, and the globally-recognised brand name. Similarly, Johnson Johnson C ompany remains the best business in terms of social responsibility. With reference to the crisis under study, the company adopted the right procedure by choosing to recall its products, irrespective of the cost. It did the right thing by accepting that it was in the wrong and that the consequences it faced were short-lived. Thanks to these companies, the public is aware of the step it should take if such a situation re-emerges. It is best to remain objective in solving the situation, regardless of the cost since every company works for its consumers. All companies’ interest should be to make the lives of the consumers better. These tips proved efficient in dealing with the management of Johnson Johnson and the 1982 and 1999 Coca-Cola crises. Reference List Andrews, E. (1999, June 17). International Business; Cokes Chief Apologises for Response on Contamination. The New York Times. Retrieved from nytimes.com/1999/06/17/business/international-business-coke-s-chief-apologises-f or-response-on-contamination.html Blanding, M. (2010). The Dirty Truth Behind The World’s Favourite Soft Drink. New York, NY: Penguin Group. Business Monitor International. (2014). The United Kingdom Food Drink Report Q1 2015. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3sid=6e4c0d98-000c-40a8-a269-abd4a8d130a6%40sessionmgr4004hid=4105 Curtin, T., Hayman, D., Hussein, N. (2004). Managing a Crisis: A Practical Guide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Ferrell, C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L. (2010). Business ethics: Ethical decision-making and cases: 2009 update. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. GAO. (1997). Financial Crisis Management: Four Financial Crises of the 1980s. Retrieved from gao.gov/archive/1997/gg97096.pdf Johnson, V., Peppas, S. (2003). Crisis Management in Belgium: The Case of Coca-Cola. Corporate Communications: An International journal, 8(1), 18-22. Kaplan, T. (n.d). The Tylenol Crisis: How Effective Public Relations Save d Johnson Johnson. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University. Lyon, T. (2004). Crisis Management: Coca-Cola in Europe. Michigan: University of Michigan. Markel, H. (2014). How the Tylenol murders of 1982 changed the way we consume medication. Retrieved from pbs.org/newshour/updates/tylenol-murders-1982/ Pace, E. (1982, Nov 12). Tylenol Will Reappear In Triple-Seal Package. New York Times. Retrieved from nytimes.com/1982/11/12/business/tylenol-will-reappear-in-triple-seal-package.html Rehak, J. (2002). Tylenol made a hero of Johnson Johnson: The recall that started  them all. Retrieved from nytimes.com/2002/03/23/your-money/23iht-mjj_ed3_.html Simpson, M. (2013). Case Study: Coca-Cola. Retrieved from https://crisiscomms.wordpress.com/2013/07/18/case-study-coca-cola/